该笔记是笔者学习钟平老师的逻辑英语英语语法的笔记,主要目的总结和复习,如需要更深入学习请到网易有道精品课里学习。
分类:
长难句,先找并列,再单独处理
句子并列(双黄蛋):找并列连词
句子有时可以省略一些可推导出来的成分
I like action movies but don't like thrillers.
Hurry up or you'll be late.
找并列连词 and、or
句子成分并列(单黄蛋):找相同结构
并列成分的格式必须一致,两个词、两个短语、两个分句,不能一个是词一个是句子
In your life, a man who helps you when you are in trouble
and who leaves you when you are successful is a real friend.
结构:a man who... who...
Science, in practice, depends less on the experiment it prepares than
on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.
结构:depend less on... than on
点时间:动作发生的具体时间,用现在、过去、将来及其进行时。 last night, ten o’clock, April 1st, next year, 1994
段时间:动作在哪一段时间内发生(不关心具体时间),用完成、完成进行时。 from…to…, whole year, so far, up to now
去年表示点时间,去年一整年表示段时间
I saw the film last night.
我昨晚看过那个电影了。(昨晚这个具体时间点看的)
I had seen the film before last night.
我昨晚之前已经看过那个电影了。(昨晚这个具体时间点之前的任一时间点看的)
主动时态 | 一般 | 进行 | 完成 | 完成进行 |
---|---|---|---|---|
现在 | be(am, is, are)/do/does | be(am, is, are) doing | have/has done | have/has been doing |
过去 | was/were/did | was/were doing | had done | had been doing |
将来 | will/shall do | will/shall be doing | will/shall have done | will/shall have been doing |
过去将来 | would/should do | would/should be doing | would/should have done | would/should have been doing |
被动时态 | 一般 | 进行 | 完成 |
---|---|---|---|
现在 | am/is/are done ; can/may/must be done | am/is/are being done | have/has been done |
过去 | was/were done ; might/could/had to be done | was/were being done | had been done |
将来 | will/shall be done; am/is/are going to be done | - | will/shall have been done |
过去将来 | would/should be done | - | would/should been done |
时态提前:虚拟语气是对事实的虚拟,与事实相反,所以时态故意用错,强调这是虚拟的
虚拟 | 从句 | 主句 |
---|---|---|
现在 | did/were | would do |
过去 | had done | would have done |
将来 | should do / were to | would do |
用虚拟表示愿望:希望这样但是现实不是这样
It's time that we went to work.
我们应该去干活了(还没有干)。went 表示虚拟。
I wish you could do a good job.
我希望你能好好干活(言下之意可能是你现在没有好好干)。could 表示虚拟。
if only:要是...就好了(事实不是那样)
would rather: 宁愿...(事实不是选择那样)
定语从句:
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)指句子跟在一名词或代词(先行词)后进行修饰限定,起形容词作用的句子。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况,它通常只能放在被修饰的词(即先行词)之后。
合并同类项:
合并两个句子中相同的成分(先行词),前一句保留,后一句用关系词代替
介词不能省略,可以保留位置不变,如果不会改变句子的意思也可以作为关系词的一部分
I know the man, the man is crying in the car.
I know the man who is crying in the car.
合并两个 the man 后面的 the man 用 who 代替
I do not like books,books do not have pictures.
I do not like books which do not have pictures.
后一句的 books 用 which 代替
I hate the city, in the city I met him.
I hate the city in which I met him.
I hate the city where I met him.
介词 in 不能省略,in which = where
I have forgotten the day when(on which)you came.
Today will be a day which You will remember for life.
第一句的 day 是作为后面的状语,第二句的 day 是作为后面的宾语,用心体会
This is the book which I am looking for.
介词 for 不能提前,look(看) 和 look for(寻找) 意思不一样
关系词:
状语从句:
状语从句(Adverbial Clause)指句子用作状语时,起副词作用的句子。状语从句中可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导,也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开,位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。
独立结构:
去掉从句中一切不必要的句子成分,根据主被动关系改变动词的形式
去掉某些成分就不是一个句子了,既然不是一个句子了,就不能用谓语了,要把谓语变成分词形式。主动:v-ing;被动:v-ed
如果从句和主句的主语不一致,不能省略从句中的成分
Because she knows what I need, she can provide a right answer.
Knowing what I need, she can provide a right answer.
去掉从句中可以从主句中推导出来的成分和连词,修改动词的形式
when i was a boy, my father taught me to swim.
Being a boy, my father taught me to swim. (错误)
从句和主句的主语不一致,会产生歧义,从句不能省略成分
连词:
名词性从句: 名词性从句(Noun Clause)是指在句子中起名词作用的句子。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
That you love her is a lie.
主语从句
I don't know what you can do.
宾语从句,注意 what 后面是陈述语序
She hates the idea that we should abandon her.
同位语从句
连词:
名词可数不可数的区分标准是有没有固定的单位,可数名词有固定的单位,不可数名词没有。
名词可数不可数跟有没有必要数有关,没必要数/不关心的时候是为不可数,有必要数/关心的时候为可数
重点是谁,谓语就根据谁而定:重心是二者之一就选那个重要的,两者平行就近,两者并列复数
There be 句型,就近选择:没有主语,所以就近
集合作为整体(不一定每个成员都这样,只是总体是这样)用单数,强调集合中的每个成员都这样用复数。
系动词:
可以看做是“是动词”
be 动词(am/is/are):是…的
…是…的:seem,look,become,get,grow,feel,turn,appear,remain
He looked carefully, but still looked perplexed
虽然他很仔细的看,但看起来还是很懵逼
谓语多个动词:
当谓语有多个动词时,需要用特定的词进行连接,其实只有 v + to + v 这种形式,其它两种形式是这种形式的变形
v + to + v:to 表示过程,动作有先后关系。want to, go to, plan to。
v + v-原型:两者之间没有明确的先后关系,希望后面的动作快点发生,直接省略 to。使动词:let make get have。也有处于某种状态的含义。
I make him eat shit
He is made to eat shit
我让他比较急,而他自己肯定不急,所以变成被动后要加上 to,好好体会
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
看到他工作了(强调工作这种状态)。
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.
看到他正在工作(强调正在进行)。
v + v-ing:动作的先后关系反了,所以加 ing。有时主语不一致也用 ing 。也有正在进行的含义。
I forget locking the door.
我忘了锁过门这件事了(锁门是在忘了之前,所以门锁了)。
I forget to lock the door.
我忘了去锁门了(锁门是在忘了之后,所以门没锁)。
Nice to meet you.
去见你很高兴 (还没有见面)。
Nice meeting you.
见到你很高兴(已经见面了)。
stop smoking
停止抽烟(只有抽烟了才能叫他停止)。
stop to smoking
停下来取抽烟(先停下来再去抽烟)。
I don't allow smoking
我不允许有人抽烟(抽烟和允许的主语不一致)。
非谓语
非谓语通常做定语,本质是定语从句的省略,补全后就知道该用什么格式了。有些动词可以直接形容词/名词化。
ing:主动,令人…的(及物),正在(不及物)
ed:被动(及物),已经(不及物)
to do:去,为了,表示目的性
There is a bird flying in the sky.
There is a bird which is flying in the sky.
定语从句的省略,表主动
Those elected today shall take the responsibility.
Those who were elected today shall take the responsibility.
定语从句的省略,表被动
To find love, you have to devote.
You are to find love, you have to devote.
同位语: 一个名词/句子对另一个名词/代词进行解释或补充说明,这个名词/句子就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格式要一致,并常常紧挨在一起。
名词同位语:可以有多个名词同位语并列,逗号隔开,名词同位语还可以有定语/定语从句
句子同位语:that 在同位语句中不充当任何成分
Tom, my brother, a teacher who teaches me English, is coming
句子同位语并列。is 表示一个
She hates the idea that we should work hard.
句子同位语。idea 在句子同位语中不充当任何成分
倒装句: 为了强调、突出等词语的目的而颠倒原有语序的句式叫做倒装句。在倒装句中,颠倒了的成分可以恢复原位而句意基本不变,句法成分不变。与正常语句结构不一样突出要强调的东西
强调否定副词状语:副词和助词都提前,半倒装。Never, seldom, scarcely, hardly, nowhere, nolonger
强调时间/地点状语:状语和动词都提前,全倒装
状语本来的位置就不固定,只提前状语不能突出要强调的意思
I have never seem him so far.
Never have i seem him so far.
强调 never,提前状语和助词
I can understand him only in this way.
Only in this way can I understand him.
强调 only in this way
A cat lies in the house
In the house lies a cat.
强调 in the house,提前状语和动词
强调句:表达自己的意愿或情感而使用的一种形式。
强调结构:It is/was + 被强调部分(主语、宾语或状语) + who/that…
强调句去掉 It’s that 句子还是完整的,形式主语去掉 It’s that 句子不完整
It's you that i love
强调句,强调 you,去掉 It's that 把 you 放后面句子还是完整的
It's important that i love you
It 是形式主语,代表 i love you,去掉 It's that 后多出了 important 句子不完整
time不加s表示时间,加s表次数
sometime 某时
some time 一些时间
sometimes 有时
some times 几次
GOOD LUCK!